基于遥感的城市热岛效应研究   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

杨英宝  苏伟忠  江南 《地理与地理信息科学》2006,22(5):36-40

热红外遥感和气候学的交叉融合为城市热岛效应提供了新的研究方法。从城市热岛的空间分布与土地利用类型、植被覆盖关系、人为热关系以及城市热岛效应演变4方面分析热红外遥感在城市热岛研究中的应用现状;探讨目前存在的两个主要问题:城市地物真实温度难以获取,遥感和气候模型结合不密切;提出遥感和气候模型结合以及多平台、多尺度、多角度遥感的综合应用等是城市热岛效应遥感研究的发展趋势。  相似文献   

Detection and evaluation of horizontal fractures in earth dams using the self-potential method     

A. Rozycki  J.M. Ruiz Fonticiella 《Engineering Geology》2006,82(3):145-153

The self-potential method can be applied to evaluate the degree of water seepage into earth or rockfill dams. Spatial distribution of measured self-potential data can indicate possible anomalous water flow. Phenomena, such as piping, can be modelled as cylindrical bodies. Internal erosion can develop structures, which can be represented by a sphere or point source. Differential settlement in the dam structure occasionally creates horizontal fractures, which require equivalent geometrical body formula. An equation, which allows the calculation of a self-potential profile over a horizontal contact, was developed. This equation can also be applied to the inspection of water flow into horizontal drainage filters. When inverse interpretation returns bodies of relatively small amplitudes, then their probability can be tested statistically. A test, based on cross-correlation between a modelled curve and field data, can be used to evaluate their existence at a given probability level. An acceptance criterion is computed, using the concept of likelihood coefficient. The equation was applied to two case histories. The first is an example of water flow evaluation into a horizontal drainage filter. Several anomalous bodies were interpreted from residual self-potential data, i.e. from the difference between the theoretical response of the filter and the measured self-potential values, then, most of the interpreted bodies were statistically tested. The second case deals with detection and evaluation of a horizontal fissure. The interpreted parameters of the detected body corresponded well to a horizontal fracture found when the water level in the reservoir was lowered.  相似文献   

Tripartite climate reversal in Central Europe 5600-5300 years ago     

Michel Magny  Urs Leuzinger  Jean Nicolas Haas 《Quaternary Research》2006,65(1):3-19

The history of variations in water level of Lake Constance, as reconstructed from sediment and pollen analysis of a sediment sequence from the archaeological site of Arbon-Bleiche 3, shows an abrupt rise in lake level dendrochronologically dated to 5375 yr ago (5320 yr relative to AD 1950). This event, paralleled by the destruction of the Neolithic village by fire, provoked the abandonment of this prehistoric lake-shore location established in the former shallow bay of Arbon-Bleiche, and was the last of a series of three episodes of successively higher lake level, the first occurring at 5600-5500 cal yr B.P. The dendrochronologically dated rise event was synchronous with an abrupt increase in atmospheric ¹⁴C. This supports the hypothesis of an abrupt climate change forced by varying solar activity. Moreover, the three successive episodes of higher lake level between 5600 and 5300 cal yr B.P. at Arbon-Bleiche 3 coincided with climatic cooling and/or changes in moisture conditions in various regions of both hemispheres. This period corresponds to the mid-Holocene climate transition (onset of the Neoglaciation) and suggests inter-hemispheric linkages for the climate variations recorded at Arbon-Bleiche 3. This mid-Holocene climate reversal may have resulted from complex interactions between changes in orbital forcing, ocean circulation and solar activity. Finally, despite different seasonal hydrological regimes, the similarities between lake-level records from Lake Constance and from Jurassian lakes over the mid-Holocene period point to time scale as a crucial factor in considering the possible impact of climate change on environments.  相似文献   

Estimation of runoff distribution within river systems: Application to the Lena Basin (Siberia)     

N. Kosheleva  E. Karabanov  A. Kositskiy  D. Williams  S. Armstrong 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):118

A channel account approach is proposed to estimate longitudinal changes in runoff along large river systems. This new method provides a quantitative basis for describing the fluvial transport of suspended particulate material and dissolved substances. This method includes an evaluation of basic elements of water balance in separate sections of the river network and subsequent correction of channel accounting equations for the entire system using a maximum likelihood principle. To calculate water discharges of tributaries that have no hydrological information, structural analysis of river network is performed. This approach provides less error in comparison with traditional methods of estimating lateral inflow. The method is used to trace water discharge with increasing distance along the Lena river basin and to evaluate the contribution of geologically and lithologically uneven sub-basins in water discharge formation during a summer low water period.  相似文献   

单频GPS接收机天线扼流圈的研制与测试   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

高玉平  刘子懿  徐劲松  王正明 《时间频率学报》2006,29(1):51-57

讨论了多路径效应对GPS共视比对的影响及削弱其影响的方法。结合综合原子时项目的需求,研制了适用于单频GPS接收机的天线扼流圈,并用零基线比对方法进行了测试。结果表明,研制的天线扼流圈可有效地削弱多路径效应的影响,并可明显地改善单频GPS接收机NTSCGPS-1的抗干扰能力。  相似文献   

Mais comment s'écoule donc un glacier ? Aperçu historique     

Frédérique Rémy  Laurent Testut 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2006,338(5):368-385

Ice and snow have often helped physicists understand the world. On the contrary it has taken them a very long time to understand the flow of the glaciers. Naturalists only began to take an interest in glaciers at the beginning of the 19th century during the last phase of glacier advances. When the glacier flow from the upslope direction became obvious, it was then necessary to understand how it flowed. It was only in 1840, the year of the Antarctica ice sheet discovery by Dumont d'Urville, that two books laid the basis for the future field of glaciology: one by Agassiz on the ice age and glaciers, the other one by canon Rendu on glacier theory. During the 19th century, ice flow theories, adopted by most of the leading scientists, were based on melting/refreezing processes. Even though the word ‘fluid’ was first used in 1773 to describe ice, more the 130 years would have to go by before the laws of fluid mechanics were applied to ice. Even now, the parameter of Glen's law, which is used by glaciologists to model ice deformation, can take a very wide range of values, so that no unique ice flow law has yet been defined. To cite this article: F. Rémy, L. Testut, C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).  相似文献   

Water temperature behaviour in the River Loire since 1976 and 1881     

Florentina Moatar  Joël Gailhard 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2006,338(5):319-328

Analysis of monthly mean river temperatures, recorded on an hourly basis in the middle reaches of the Loire since 1976, allows reconstruction by multiple linear regression of the annual, spring and summer water temperatures from equivalent information on air temperatures and river discharge. Since 1881, the average annual and summer temperatures of the Loire have risen by approximately 0.8?°C, this increase accelerating since the late 1980s due to the rise in air temperature and also to lower discharge rates. In addition, the thermal regime in the Orleans to Blois reach is considerably affected by the inflow of groundwater from the Calcaires de Beauce aquifer, as shown by the summer energy balance. To cite this article: F. Moatar, J. Gailhard, C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).  相似文献   

边界效应的测定方法及其在长江三角洲的应用   总被引：22，自引：1，他引：22  

李郇  徐现祥 《地理研究》2006,25(5):792-802

采用Barro回归方程结合重力模型,构建了区域经济一体化进程中对行政区边界效应的度量方法,并以长江三角洲地区为例,对20世纪90年代江苏与浙江、上海与江苏、上海与浙江的边界效应进行了实证分析。通过邹检验发现,长江三角洲各城市间的经济水平存在结构性的差异,进一步的回归检验结果表明,长江三角洲各城市间存在一体化的趋势,但存在着边界效应;从变动态势上看,上海与江苏的边界效应越来越小,上海与浙江的边界效应存在增加的趋势,同时,江苏与浙江的边界在区域一体化的影响减少。最后,从自然条件、历史发展、行政区经济、发展模式和制度安排等方面分析了边界效应及演变的原因。  相似文献   

三江平原旱田耕作对湿地土壤理化性质的累积影响初探   总被引：4，自引：5，他引：4  

袁兆华  吕宪国  周嘉 《湿地科学》2006,4(2):133-137

在中国科学院三江平原湿地生态试验站综合实验场,对不同耕作年限的湿地土壤(0~20 cm)进行环境累积效应分析。结果表明,随着开垦时间的增加,土壤的理化性质发生渐变,物理性质方面,土壤容重和比重逐渐增大,而孔隙度和田间持水量逐年减少;化学性质方面,土壤pH值随开垦时间的增加而增加,有机质和其他养分则随开垦时间的增加而逐年降低。弃耕后土壤性质有所恢复。土壤性质在开垦初期变化较明显,而后逐渐变缓。  相似文献   

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS OF SHALLOW LAKE IN THE ZHALONG WETLAND   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

WANG Lei ZHANG Guang-Xin 《湿地科学》2006,4(3):193-197

1 INTRODUCTIONNitrogen and phosphorus in the water are the nu-trients limited in natural wetlands,which seriously in-fluence on the ecosystem production and the biodiver-sity(Mitsch,Grosselin,2000).Nitrogen and phos-phorus recycles have been interrupted b…  相似文献